The lackluster presidents and ineffectual administrations of the period did little to respond to the country's dependence on volatile nitrate exports, spiraling inflation, and massive urbanization.[16]. Immediately after the election, the United States expressed its disapproval and raised a number of economic sanctions against Chile.[18]. A History of Chile, 1808–2002, Second Edition A History of Chile chronicles the nation’s political, social, and economic evolution from its independence until the early years of the Lagos regime. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina, History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925), Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina, National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation, Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership, Chilean presidential election of 2009–2010, violent protests about costs of living and inequality, Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo, "Chile – Conquest and Colonization, 1535–1810", "Chile – PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC, 1891–1925", "Chile – Arturo Alessandri's Reformist Presidency, 1920–25", "Chile: 16,000 Secret Documents Declassified", http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch27-01.htm, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch05-01.htm, "Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973", "How 'weak' Allende was left out in the cold by the KGB", "Equipo Nizkor – CIA Activities in Chile – September 18, 2000", "Admite hija de Allende suicidio de su padre", CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress Reveals U.S. But under orders of Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, he was arrested there, attracting worldwide attention, not only because of the history of Chile and South America, but also because this was one of the first arrests of a former president based on the universal jurisdiction principle. His reform legislation was finally rammed through Congress under pressure from younger military officers, who were sick of the neglect of the armed forces, political infighting, social unrest, and galloping inflation, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. In the medium term, Chile needs to reach political consensus on a policy response to social demands, while not eroding Chile’s traditionally sound macroeconomic management. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes. Critics ridiculed the economic policy of the Chicago Boys as "Chicago way to socialism“.[55]. They returned Alessandri to the presidency that March and enacted his promised reforms by decree. Although the Congress had significant budgetary powers, it was overshadowed by the president, who appointed provincial officials. The initial plan held that Pinochet would rule only for a year, to be succeeded by the chiefs of the navy, police and air force. In the second round, Piñera faced Alejandro Guillier, a television news anchor who represented Bachelet's New Majority (Nueva Mayoría) coalition. The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks. Subsequently, rather than restore governmental authority to the civilian legislature, Augusto Pinochet exploited his role as Commander of the Army to seize total power and to establish himself at the head of a junta. Upon descending the plane on his wheelchair, he stood up and saluted the cheering crowd of supporters, including an army band playing his favorite military march tunes, which was awaiting him at the airport in Santiago. His years in power were marked by inflation, poverty, and the ruthless repression of opposition leaders. Alessandri soon discovered that his efforts to lead would be blocked by the conservative Congress. [9], The Argentine portion of Patagonia includes the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, as well as the eastern portion of Tierra del Fuego archipelago. The Argentine politico-economic Patagonic Region includes the Province of La Pampa. Harvey, Robert. This Constitution enshrines the separation of Church and State and religious freedom, declares compulsory primary education, restores presidentialism but by electing the president by universal suffrage, and above all proclaims that property must be regulated in such a way as to ensure its social function.[2]. However, the process hit a wall with the political customs that had marked Chile’s politics since its transition. In 1983 another five banks were nationalized and two banks had to be put under government supervision. However, Pedro de Valdivia, captain of the army, realizing the potential for expanding the Spanish empire southward, asked Pizarro's permission to invade and conquer the southern lands. The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river,[6] which subsequently became the boundary between the Incan empire and the Mapuche lands until the arrival of the Spaniards. northwest of the capital, Santiago. Main article: 1988 Chilean national plebiscite. A SHORT HISTORY OF CHILE. It's time for that to end' Germán David, Melissa Medina and Antonia Del Almendro in Chile. [20] However, the reason behind the U.S. covert actions against Allende concerned not the spread of Marxism but fear over losing control of its investments. [68] On 15 November, most of the political parties represented in the National Congress signed an agreement to call a national referendum in April 2020 regarding the creation of a new Constitution. In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%). The Tanquetazo was a failed military coup d'état attempted against Allende in June 1973.[29]. The struggle for independence was a war within the upper class, although the majority of troops on both sides consisted of conscripted mestizos and Native Americans. During their attempts at conquest in 1460 and again in 1491, the Incas established forts in the Central Valley of Chile, but they could not colonize the region. At the outset the junta received the support of the oligarchy and of a sizable part of the middle class. At first people lived by hunting and gathering but in North Chile they were farming by 2,500 BC. On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 MW earthquake, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. Another of the earliest advocates of full independence, Bernardo O'Higgins, captained a rival faction that plunged the Criollos into civil war. 1988 plebiscite and reform of the Constitution. He realized the importance of the Roman Catholic Church as a bastion of loyalty, legitimacy, social control and stability, as had been the case in the colonial period. Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the Concertación, received an absolute majority of votes (55%). Pressure groups according to the CIA World Factbook: Chile or Chilean organizations participate in the following international organizations: Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The next congressional elections are scheduled for December 2021. Chile has been one of Latin America’s fastest-growing economies in recent decades thanks to a solid macroeconomic framework, which enabled the country to cushion the effects of a volatile international context and reduce the population living in poverty (on US$ 5.5 per day) from 30 percent in … Press, 1969. Congress decided to depose Balmaceda, who refused to step down. In particular, two young parties grew in importance – the Democrat Party, with roots among artisans and urban workers, and the Radical Party, representing urban middle sectors and provincial elites. Latin America in the 20th century: 1889-1929, 1991, p. 181-186, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Palacio de los Tribunales de Justicia de Santiago, Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, International Organization for Standardization, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan, UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Secretariat for Multidimensional Security, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Chile&oldid=1008345078, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Democracy Index rating template users with comma, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2013, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Student federations at all major universities, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (, This page was last edited on 22 February 2021, at 21:02. le has been independent of Spanish colonial rule since 1818 and has experienced several changes in government since then. [32], According to the Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, the KGB and the Cuban Intelligence Directorate launched a campaign known as Operation TOUCAN. The last attempt was in 2000, when the project was rejected by the Constitutional Court, because it allocated funds from the national budget, which, under the Chilean Constitution, is a privilege of the President. This page was last edited on 19 February 2021, at 21:05. Het attempted to devise a constitution that would legitimise his government, but he failed. Promising "evolution to avoid revolution", he pioneered a new campaign style of appealing directly to the masses with florid oratory and chari… Sebastián Edwards, Alejandra Cox Edwards: Karin Fischer: The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet. Despite the country's good economic performance, life remains particularly hard for a large part of the population (12 or 14-hour working days for workers, very low wages, illiteracy of more than 50% in the years 1900–1910, etc.). Salvador Allende. 1970 - Salvador Allende becomes world's first democratically elected Marxist president and embarks on an extensive programme of nationalisation and radical social reform. Chile's first experiment with self-government, the "Patria Vieja" (old fatherland, 1810–1814), was led by José Miguel Carrera, an aristocrat then in his mid-twenties. Thereafter, Pinochet returned to Chile in March 2000. Howeve… ;[45][46] this figure includes individuals killed, tortured or exiled, and their immediate families. [53] In 1982 the two biggest banks were nationalized to prevent an even worse credit crunch. Chile developed a good export economy, including the export of fruits and vegetables to the northern hemisphere when they were out of season, and commanded high prices. In October 2019 there were violent protests about costs of living and inequality,[67] resulting in Piñera declaring a state of emergency. On 5 August 2010, the access tunnel collapsed at the San José copper and gold mine in the Atacama Desert near Copiapó in northern Chile, trapping 33 men 700 metres (2,300 ft) below ground. Then, after his last and remarkable radio address, he shot himself rather than becoming a prisoner. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. Chile's legal system is civil law based. In the minds of most members of the Chilean elite, the bloodshed and chaos of the late 1820s were attributable to the shortcomings of liberalism and federalism, which had been dominant over conservatism for most of the period. Chile, one of the United States’ strongest partners in Latin America, has maintained a robust democracy for the last 29 years including respect for the rule of law and a focus on … Continuing the coalition's free trade strategy, in August 2006 President Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the People's Republic of China (signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos), the first Chinese free trade agreement with a Latin American nation; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007. A little Chilean History . Chile’s road to economic and political stability lies in its complex history of revolutionary socialist policies to radical adaptation of free market capitalism. [51], In 1982–1983 Chile witnessed a severe economic crisis with a surge in unemployment and a meltdown of the financial sector. He won plaudits for defeating royalists and founding schools, but civil strife continued. In 1920, the economic crisis worsened the standard of living of the middle classes, which were politically closer to the working classes. John Murray, London (2000). In June 1975, Pinochet announced that there would be no future elections in the country. The territory of Chile has been populated since at least 3000 BCE. The Araucanians' valor inspired the Chileans to mythologize them as the nation's first national heroes, a status that did nothing, however, to elevate the wretched living standard of their descendants.[3][7]. Though he had served as Gonzalez Videla’s national campaign manager in his successful bid for the presidency, Neruda publicly criticized his crackdown on free speech before the Chilean Senate. Approved in the plebiscite of September 11, 1980, the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile – the tenth constitutional text in Chilean history – has ruled the country since March 11, 1981. Portales was killed by traitors in 1837. At the same time, he reassured the landowners that social reforms would be limited to the cities.[17]. Some repressions kill hundreds of people. O'Higgins, Carrera and many of the Chilean rebels escaped to Argentina. For him and for certain other members of the Chilean elite, the initiative for temporary self-rule quickly escalated into a campaign for permanent independence, although other Criollos remained loyal to Spain. Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ibáñez in 1958. This new situation led to the election of Arturo Alessandri Palma. Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. Throughout the rest of the 19th and into the early 20th centuries, political and economic instability was common in Chile and from 1924–1932, the country was under the semi-dictatorial rule of General Carlos Ibanez. Chile was governed during most of its first 150 years of independence by different forms of restricted government, where the electorate was carefully vetted and controlled by an elite. [37][38] A military government, led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, took over control of the country. First ruled by a Supreme Director [19], Recognizing that U.S. intelligence forces were trying to destabilize his presidency through a variety of methods, the KGB offered financial assistance to the first democratically elected Marxist president. Portales also achieved his objectives by wielding dictatorial powers, censoring the press, and manipulating elections. Following the wars of independence and several failed experiments in institution building, Chile after 1830 made steady progress toward the construction of representative institutions, showing a constancy almost without parallel in South American political history. 1910-1914: Chile operates as a parliamentary republic, protecting the interests of the ruling oligarchy. The ‘risk to democracy’ in Chile isn’t from protesters. If that's not enough, click over to our collection of world maps and flags. The demand for Chile’s chief export, nitrate, rose greatly with the coming of the World War 1, but advances during the war led to the development of synthetic nitrates. The Senate is made up of 50 members elected from regions or subregions. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, Arturo Alessandri Palma. By the early 20th century, both parties were winning increasing numbers of seats in Congress. Finally the conservatives defeated the liberals. After assurances of legality on Allende's part, the murder of the Army Commander-in-Chief, General René Schneider and Frei's refusal to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende – on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers' party and could not make common cause with the oligarchs – Allende was chosen by a vote of 153 to 35. Chile had a strong history of democracy before Salvador Allende. The center-left is currently the governing coalition and includes the centrist Christian Democratic Party (PDC), the Radical parties, the moderate leftist Party for Democracy (PPD), and the Socialist Party (PS). In the nineteenth century, Chile became the first country in Latin America to install a durable constitutional system of government, which encouraged the development of an array of political … The Impuesto Global Complementario, a graduated income tax, is introduced. The constitution also created an independent judiciary, guaranteed inheritance of estates by primogeniture, and installed Catholicism as the state religion. He also angered the old aristocracy by abolishing estates inherited by primogeniture (mayorazgo) and caused a public uproar with his anticlericalism. Simultaneously, the CIA funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. [16] Without denying its shortcomings, they have lauded its democratic stability. But the Chilean political crisis is not unique to Chile. From 1906 onwards, the Radical Party demanded social reforms and the establishment of a democratic regime. In exile in Argentina, O'Higgins joined forces with José de San Martín. Although Valdivia found little gold in Chile he could see the agricultural richness of the land. Peter Winn is Professor of History at Tufts University. After intense political agitation the Chilean Constitution of 1925 is adopted, only slightly less authoritarian than that of 1833. The Communist Party had been established in Chile in 1922 and officially recognized in 1931. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Congress. Nara B. Milanich is Associate Professor of History at Barnard College. Under these new policies, the rate of inflation dropped:[50], A new constitution was approved by plebiscite characterized by the absence of registration lists, on September 11, 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an 8-year term. He introduced Bank regulations, simplified and reduced the corporate tax. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. The Obama Administration has sought to build on these traditionally Due to problems with Pinochet, Leigh was expelled from the junta in 1978 and replaced by General Fernando Matthei. ... a centrist political leader of the Christian Democratic Party, ... Later he brought in a group of Chilean economists as advisers who had been trained at the University of Chicago and were therefore known as … By the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile, and the territory was a colony between 1540 and 1818, when it gained independence from Spain. North of that line cities grew up slowly, and Chilean lands eventually became an important source of food for the Viceroyalty of Peru. However, the title of discoverer of Chile is usually assigned to Diego de Almagro. However, fears of a conservative restoration in progressive sectors of the army led to another coup in January, which ended with the establishment of the January Junta as interim government while waiting for Alessandri's return. Nonetheless, The Economist Intelligence Unit expects the free-market principles of free trade and foreign investor friendliness to be retained. Cleary/Stalowski. The best summary of recent events in Chile. What is happening in Chile in 1960CE. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace (Palacio de La Moneda), Allende committed suicide. The following presents a short history of these contributions. [33][34] For instance, in 1976, the New York Times published 66 articles on alleged human rights abuses in Chile and only 4 on Cambodia, where the communist Khmer Rouge killed some 1.5 million people of 7.5 million people in the country.[34][35]. By 1973, Chilean society had grown highly polarized, between strong opponents and equally strong supporters of Salvador Allende and his government. During his first term in office, he pursued a progressive policy: labor law, the establishment of the tax on property income, the establishment of the Central Bank, creation of social security funds, etc. He subsequently governs as a dictator until 1931. [28] By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed, and the economy was in crisis. In turn, Congress was dominated by the landed elites. European conquest and colonization (1540–1810). After Pinochet left power in 1988, saying this country was ready to keep going along with a plebiscite, the Constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. The founder of the POS and its best-known leader, Luis Emilio Recabarren, also founded the Communist Party of Chile (Spanish: Partido Comunista de Chile – PCCh) in 1922. 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