As Anne Power found in her research into the problems of disadvantaged neighbourhoods: Some families see large-scale, expensive regeneration by public bodies as destructive of community. regeneration initiatives. They are people with visible and real constituencies. Accessed February 1, 2008]. Lupton (2003: 46) comments that for the neighbourhoods she studied the 1970s and 1980s were periods of ‘catastrophic employment decline’. It created sprawl (see our piece of sustainable communities) and effectively robbed many city neighbourhoods of much of their amenity, social mix and political influence. Dr Phil Jones is a cultural geographer who focuses on issues related to the city. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Fourth Assessment Report. Neighbourhoods help to shape people’s lives because they do more than house people. Social and economic policy in Britain has, over the last thirty years, led to a widening gap between rich and poor. However, regeneration is often linked to a change in social landlord (away from local councils to  housing association) – and this rarely addresses the issues that tenants, leaseholders and home-owners are concerned with. Learn about and revise the challenges that some British cities face, including regeneration and urban sustainability, with GCSE Bitesize Geography (AQA). New York: Oxford University Press. Reconciling these countervailing needs of regeneration and community may be the biggest challenge facing low-income communities and government approaches to neighbourhood renewal. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2003) Sustainable communities. changes in the size and composition of the population (Lupton 2003: 46). York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Financial and business services now account for about one in five jobs in the UK, compared with about one in ten in 1981 (op. In a number of ‘disadvantaged’ neighbourhoods women have become the main breadwinners (although in many such neighbourhoods and their surrounding areas employment opportunities traditionally taken up by women have either contracted or not grown at the rate they have nationally). An example of a … » Evaluate the relative importance of local and national government decision-makers in » A level geography 20 marker need help pleas » MSc Urban Planning, Sustainable Cities » Geography A level Edexcel paper 2 » Anyone got any predictions for edexcel geography paper 2 a level » Accessed January 9, 2008]. Furthermore, as Barton (2000: 49-65) has shown, across a range of environmental concerns, on grounds of health, safety, equity and access, and ‘even economic justification in terms of capitalizing on the local skills base’ the potential of neighbourhoods  is significant. al. This has taken the form of increased overall resources being devoted by developers and local authorities to public provision; and through direct participation by local people in the forms of provision required – and their design. Modernisation theory is useful in explaining how some countries manage to become wealthy. Longworth, Norman (2006) Learning Cities, Learning Regions, Learning Communities. Furthermore, as Lynsey Hanley (2007: 119) comments, few estates built using concrete ‘have been maintained to the standards envisaged and expected by the architects who designed them and the engineers who put them together’. (2000) Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. With the world banking crisis of 2008, the associated rise in unemployment, and the large-scale cutbacks in public education and welfare from 2010 onwards, economic inequality appears to be growing. A large proportion of ‘disadvantaged’ estates suffer from poorly designed and built housing plus a lack of investment over many years in proper maintenance, repair and updating. » Evaluate the relative importance of local and national government decision-makers in » A level geography 20 marker need help pleas » MSc Urban Planning, Sustainable Cities » Geography A level Edexcel paper 2 » Anyone got any predictions for edexcel geography paper 2 a level » London: Department for Communities and Local Government. [http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/146289. Another key demand is around the way in which their housing and neighbourhood is managed. However, as the example of large council estates has shown in Britain, a number of things need to be present if they are to work – and in this piece we want to look at some of the key issues. Richardson, Liz (2008) DIY Community Action: Neighbourhood Problems and Community Self-help. Urban regeneration is the attempt to reverse that decline by both improving the physical structure, and, more importantly and elusively, the economy of those areas. Regeneration and renewal are largely driven by finance. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Report). This is important because we know that neighbourhoods with a good ‘stock’ of ‘social capital’ are more likely to benefit from lower crime figures, better health, higher educational achievement, and better economic growth Putnam 2000). 3.4 Principles of animal ecology; Wild life management; Relevance of sanctuaries with special reference to India. The main goal of the programme is to reduce disadvantages in Yet while there are significant problems in many ‘disadvantaged’ estates and neighbourhoods – there are significant strengths (as we will see). None of the theories are especially good at identifying why some countries, but not others, become superpowers. Rowntree, Seebohm (1913) Poverty, A Study of Town Life 2e. This flowchart shows the areas which could affect whether a place is successful.. Economic success - 109 . Far too many have suffered from ‘disastrous designs that create a needless sense of social failure’ (Coleman 1985: 184). Housing tenure – a summary of changes over time’. Alongside these benefits come social and political gains. In addition to cash, the government has also introduced a Our cities contain all degrees of success and failure. London: Department for Communities and Local Government. Some 12 per cent of households lived in council housing, with around a further 7 per cent renting from housing associations and the like. However, policymakers have tended to neglect, or treat as trivial, key aspects of what they offer. Smith, M. K. (2007) ‘Social capital’, The encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education, www.infed.org/biblio/social_capital.htm. The £800m neighbourhood renewal fund, which starts in 2001-02, They frequently sell short the interests of those living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. [http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2157-community-wales-empowerment.pdf. A sense of belonging and the concrete experience of social networks (and the relationships of trust and tolerance that can be involved) can, it is argued, bring great benefits to people (Field 2003: 1-2). Within Britain our appreciation of the experiences of these neighbourhoods  has been significantly enhanced in recent years by the work of CASE (The ESRC Centre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion) – and in particular the work of Anne Power (1997, 2007), and Ruth Lupton (2003). Lynsey Hanley argues we need a different approach: The redevelopment of estates whose surface problems – remoteness, graffiti, loitering youths, ugly buildings – are caused by bad design and planning will only work, however, if physical and cosmetic improvements are carried out alongside a serious and prolonged investment in tenant’s potential to participate in managing their homes and estates so that they attain a sense of ownership and control. What Government is doing in support of community-led regeneration. She charts the ways in which working families reach out to each other and to community-based programmes to address the issues they face – especially around caring for children and relatives (ibid. Each serves a critical purpose in the neoliberal approach to urban regeneration. Alongside their ‘localism agenda’ (see below) the role of central government was to be ‘strategic and supportive’: This approach has come in for serious criticism by MPs sitting on the Communities and Local Government Committee. The world has become a small village, through global trade, media, space flows, economic connections, free exchange of people, ideas and money. ‘That is they saw or spoke to friends at least once a week and had a close friend living nearby. Lupton, R. (2003) Poverty Street. In many countries the gap between rich and poor has opened up. One in fifty (2 per cent) said they have nobody to turn to (op. In Britain, for example, social investigators like Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree (1901), and in the United States writers like Jacob Riis (1891), highlighted the concentration of poverty in particular areas. HERITAGE REGENERATION PROJECTS INVOLVING PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES . Life, security and he pursuit of happiness in fortress America. Accessed April 13, 2008]. Green, Geoff, Grimsey, Mike and Stafford, Bernard (2004) The dynamics of neighbourhood. Examples of this abound within regeneration initiatives. (Dorling et. While this has always been a feature of migration it is clear that many local neighbourhoods  are likely to remain divided, ‘racially’ and culturally. Monday March 19, 2001. an attempt to pump prime private investment into an area. These areas are far more likely to suffer from problems than others, and for tenants to report neighbourhood problems. New York: Macmillan. In particular there are now areas in some of our cities where over half of all households are breadline poor. National Statistics (2005) ‘Housing tenure’, Office for National Statistics. SUCCESS. Regeneration programmes, especially when they involve the provision of homes for ‘owner-occupiers with better qualifications and stronger connections to the wider world outside the neighbourhood, can attract aspirational residents with relatively high incomes'(Green et. Accessed April 29, 2008]. World Systems Theory is a good fit for the current pattern of developed, emerging and developing countries. Paul JONES . Regeneration - Regeneration - The regeneration process: Following amputation, an appendage capable of regeneration develops a blastema from tissues in the stump just behind the level of amputation (see photograph). [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=11. But many have either had to be demolished or expensively redesigned and refurbished. Accessed April 29, 2008]. The theory of plate tectonics and its key elements, (the earth's internal structure, mantle convection, palaeomagnetism, and sea floor spreading, subduction and slab pull.) The models link generalizations with theories. These tissues undergo drastic changes. (Power 2007: 59). regeneration schemes prevent displacing problems from one area to another? Rogers, Richard and Power, Anne (2000) Cities for a small country. Improving access to public and private services. The scope and scale of these organizations vary – but there have been some very significant gains for tenants and leaseholders. For most of their history in Britain, Ruth Lupton notes, area-based programmes have been undertaken without proper attention to macro policy to deal with the more fundamental causes of area problems. al. [http://www.cis.yale.edu/amstud/inforev/riis/title.html. Reader, John (2005) Cities. Because regeneration schemes often take years to complete, Essay of media the operation of these processes at different plate margins ( destructive,,... 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