[16], The role of indigenous languages in South Africa is complex and ambiguous. The rest of the elements are placed to the left or to the right of the verb root. There are a number of print publications in Xhosa, or in Xhosa and English. Northern Ndebele language in Africa", "South Africa Population grows to 44.8 Million", "Isixhosa Ulwimi Lwabantu Abangesosininzi eZimbabwe: Ukuphila Nokulondolozwa Kwaso", "Wakanda Is a Fake Country, but the African Language in 'Black Panther' is Real", Xhosa basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database, Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_language&oldid=999100104, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles needing examples from December 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1996, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The language is also rich in idioms. At present, Xhosa is used as the main language of instruction in many primary schools and some secondary schools, but is largely replaced by English after the early primary grades, even in schools mainly serving Xhosa-speaking communities. Below we picked 70% of the most commonly used words. The South African Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts in Xhosa on both radio (on Umhlobo Wenene FM) and television, and films, plays and music are also produced in the language. It is a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele. The breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ] is sometimes spelled h. The ejectives tend to be ejective only in careful pronunciation or in salient positions and, even then, only for some speakers. Many Xhosa also live in and around Cape Town , one of South Africa’s capital cities. At the secondary level, instruction in schools serving Xhosa-speaking students is in English. The Xhosa are the second largest cultural group in South Africa, after the Zulu-speaking nation. Only phonemic, and thus reflected orthographically, for. Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages. The Xhosa vocabulary is the backbone for learning. Aspirated clicks become prenasalized ejected clicks. See Sands & Gunnink (2019) "Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area." The Xhosa language is properly referred to as isiXhosa. Xhosa. The word order is subject–verb–object, like in English. Total number of users in all countries is 19.2 million (. There still remain today those who are of the ethnic group amaXhosa, though in current mod… It is also spoken in Botswana and Lesotho. As a result, South Africa is known to be the native land of the Xhosa folk. Some support the use of English and see its use in education as de facto segregation. The normal word order in Xhosa is Verb-Object (the subject is part of the verb compound). Here is the answer for: Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue answers, solutions for the popular game New York Times Crossword. As with other South African languages, Xhosa is characterized by respectful forms of address for elders and in-laws. It shows the journey to manhood, and documents the ins and outs of the… All rights reserved. The Xhosa themselves are somewhat ambivalent about the use of their language in education. When aspirated clicks (ch, xh, qh) are prenasalised, the silent letter k is added (nkc, nkx, nkq) to prevent confusion with the nasal clicks nc, nx, nq, and are actually distinct sounds. Adjectives, possessive pronouns and demonstratives agree with the noun they modify in class and number. The Xhosa language is a Niger-Congo language, of the Bantu language branch. The Xhosa are a people of South Africa . Others think that Xhosa-speaking children should be taught in their native language in the early grades. Hlubi is the dialect in the former Ciskei; there is the more distinct Hlubi language further north, where Xhosa meets SeSotho. However, some of the letters have a different pronunciation than as in English. For example, Radebe is the clan, but the nation is called AmaHlubi. It is a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele. Xhosa is one of the 11 official languages recognized by the South African Constitution, and in 2006 it was determined that just over 7 million South Africans speak Xhosa as a home language. 4. All education at the university level is in English or Afrikaans. / Xhosa verbs are highly inflected. This came about because South African actor John Kani, a native of the Eastern Cape province who plays Wakandan King T'Chaka, is Xhosa and suggested that the directors of the fictional Civil War incorporate a dialogue in the language. Xhosa, along with Zulu and other indigenous languages of South Africa, has been a source of many words that were borrowed by South African English and that do not occur in other varieties of English in other parts of the world. Famous Xhosa include the former South African presidents Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki . The term is a compound adapted from the words khoekhoe ‘person’ and saan ‘bush dweller’ in Nama, one of the Khoisan languages, and scholars have applied the words—either separately or conjoined—to refer to economic, social, physical, and linguistic features of certain aboriginal groups of … In addition to the Xhosa proper, for whom the entire group was named, The term “Xhosa” can be used both to refer to the language and its native speakers, known as Xhosa people of South Africa. Xhosa is spoken by 7.6 million people, or about 18% of the South African population. 1. Tones are rarely marked in the written language, but they can be indicated a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. The original stanza was: Additional stanzas were written later by Sontonga and other writers, with the original verse translated into Sotho and Afrikaans, as well as English. When plain voiceless clicks (c, x, q) are prenasalized, they become slack voiced nasal (ngc, ngx, ngq). Here are a few of these words. Xhosa is rich in uncommon consonants. Clans are groups of families with different surnames but sharing one clan name. The Xhosa nation is made up of tribes and clans. (eds), These are analogous to the slack-voice nasals, "Xhosa alphabet, pronunciation and language", "isiNdebele for beginners. Their use in education has been governed by legislation, beginning with the Bantu Education Act, 1953.[12]. Xhosa, a group of mostly related peoples living primarily in Eastern Cape province, South Africa. [8][9] Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8.2 million people and by another 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Gauteng and Northern Cape. There are no definite or indefinite articles. Terms of Use Simply click on the clue posted on New York Times Crossword on February 3 2019 and we will present you with the correct answer. There are 7,907,153 (17.64 %) first language speakers [2001 census data]. The Xhosa language employs 26 letters from the Latin alphabet. Adjectives, possessive pronouns and demonstratives come after the noun they modify. Additional phonemes are using sequences of multiple letters. As in other Bantu languages, nouns in Xhosa are classified into morphological classes, or genders (15 in Xhosa), with different prefixes for both singular and plural. Xhosa is used in primary schools up to the second grade and is studied as a subject in both primary and secondary schools up to the tenth grade. Whenever /w/ follows a labial consonant, it changes to /j/, which then triggers palatalisation of the consonant. They are marked with a raised /ʱ/. Dental clicks are represented by the letter c, alveolar clicks are indicated by q, and lateral clicks are written with the letter x. Vowel length is not always represented in writing. For example. Clicks It has 18 click consonants (in comparison, Juǀ'hoan, spoken in Botswana and Namibia, has 48, and Taa, with roughly 4,000 speakers in Botswana, has 83). 2 is- and iz- replace isi- and izi- respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e.g. Xhosa Language. This clue belongs to New York Times Crossword February 3 2019 Answers. As an example, the composition of the verb In the sentence Un-ntwana u-ya-wa-sel-a ama-nzi ‘One child drinks water’ is shown below. Xhosa has ten vowels. However, not all noun classes can be so easily defined. Well your search ends here, because our team have found all the answers to today’s New York Times crossword. The orthographic b in mb is the voiced plosive [mb]. The verb root occupies the 0 position. There are five vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that distinguish word meaning. The Xhosa language (isiXhosa) belongs to the Niger–Congo languages family, and more specifically to the Bantu branch. Ngqika is considered to be the standard variety. Verbs use the following prefixes for the subject and object: The following is a list of phrases that can be used when one visits a region whose primary language is Xhosa: Xhosa-speaking people have inhabited coastal regions of southeastern Africa since before the 16th century. They form part of the southern Nguni and speak mutually intelligible dialects of Xhosa, a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo family. Therefore memorizing them will give you a 70% boost in the language. As of 2003[update] approximately 5.3 million Xhosa-speakers, the majority, live in the Eastern Cape, followed by the Western Cape (approximately 2 million), Gauteng (671,045), the Free State (246,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), North West (214,461), Mpumalanga (46,553), the Northern Cape (51,228), and Limpopo (14,225). The following table gives an overview of Xhosa noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs. Prenasalisation occurs in several contexts, including on roots with the class 9 prefix /iN-/, for example on an adjective which is feature-matching its noun: /iN- + ɬɛ/ → [intɬɛ] "beautiful" (of a class 9 word like inja "dog"). It took us some time to find the right answer to Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu. In Clem et al. Ever since Xhosa and Zulu were reduced to a written form in the early 19th century, Xhosa and Zulu writers have produced various works of fiction, ranging from poetry to novels. The movie shows the Xhosa tradition of ulwaluko, it is told from the perspective of a homosexual Xhosa man. ; Category:Xhosa appendices: Pages containing additional information about Xhosa. Below are some common words and sentences in Xhosa. [12][13], Xhosa is the most widely distributed African language in South Africa, though the most widely spoken African language is Zulu. Vowels can be either short or long. In addition, it … Xhosa, Zulu, Ndelebele and Swati share most of their basic vocabulary as well as grammar. The onset cluster /kl/ from phonologized loanwords such as, The unwritten glottal stop is present in words like, This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 14:01. We start with commonly used numbers. Most syllables end in a vowel, and there are no consonant clusters. The Xhosa language (Isixhosa), of which there are variations, is part of the Nguni language group. As with other South African languages, Xhosa is characterized by respectful forms of address for elders and in-laws. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, clicks are represented by placing the assigned symbol for the place of click articulation to the left of a symbol for a nonclick sound at the same place of articulation. That is, da may be pronounced [dʱa̤] (or, equivalently, [d̥a̤]). Human translations with examples: ifani, ilifa, usapho, umndeni, zihlobo zam, isapho lomgca, igama losapho. The clan name is the name of the first ancestor or family that gave birth to the clan. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: Civil War and Black Panther, the language spoken in the fictional African nation of Wakanda is Xhosa. John Bennie was a Scottish Presbyterian missionary and early Xhosa linguist. In keeping with many other Southern Bantu languages, Xhosa is an agglutinative language, with an array of prefixes and suffixes that are attached to root words. It is essential to get the correct interpretations based on both the carrier’s language and the linguistic system. ; Category:Xhosa entry maintenance: Xhosa entries, or entries in other languages containing Xhosa terms, that are being tracked for … The Xhosa language is properly referred to as isiXhosa. Xhosa has several dialects, including Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomwana, Gaika, Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe (Ethnologue). They are thought to have migrated to this region along the east coast of Africa and through central Africa. isiXhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa. The Xhosa, formerly called Kaffir or Kafir (Arabic for ‘infidel’), are a cluster of related peoples who have inhabited Eastern Cape Province and Transkei, South Africa, since before the 16th century. Implosive consonants Implosive consonants are produced by inhaling rather than exhaling the air. Fricatives become affricated and, if voiceless, they become ejectives as well, at least with some speakers: mf is pronounced [ɱp̪fʼ], ndl is pronounced [ndɮ], n+hl becomes ntl [ntɬʼ], n+z becomes ndz [ndz], etc. Ejective consonants Xhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa. It is a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele. This is the smarter way of online learning. Marking of the plural number depends on the noun class. The language of instruction at universities in South Africa is English or Afrikaans, and Xhosa is taught as a subject, both for native and for non-native speakers. The best-known performer of Xhosa songs outside South Africa was Miriam Makeba, whose Click Song #1 (Xhosa Qongqothwane) and "Click Song #2" (Baxabene Ooxam) are known for their large number of click sounds. Xhosa belongs, with Zulu and northern (Zimbabwe) Ndebele, to the ‘Zunda’ branch of the Nguni languages—all of which are mutually intelligible, or very close to being so. In southern Africa, they came into contact with Khoisan-speaking people. Xhosa has the following clicks consonants which can be modified in a variety of ways, such as aspirated, breathy-voiced or nasalized. Besides pulmonic egressive sounds, which are found in all spoken languages, it has a series of ejective stops and one implosive stop. For Black Panther, director Ryan Coogler "wanted to make it a priority to use Xhosa as much as possible" in the script, and provided dialect coaches for the film's actors. Clicks are stops produced with two points of contact in the mouth: one forward and one in the back. I must admit that this clue is not so easy. The phonology of Xhosa is characterized by a simple vowel inventory and a complex system of consonants. © 2014 - 2021. The various parts of the sentence must agree in both class and number.[12]. Because of its many "click" sounds the Xhosa language, or isiXhosa as they call it themselves, is different from most other African languages. This is especially true of the Eastern Cape , where the language is spoken extensively and taught in the schools. This post first appeared on Daily Crossword Solver, please read the originial post: here. The Xhosa language, along with such languages as Sesotho, Zulu, and Ndebele, is considered to be a member of the Southeastern or Nguni group of the Bantu language group. If you have any other question or need extra help, please feel free to contact us or … They refer to themselves as the amaXhosa and their language as Xhosa. [16] In the modern period, it has also borrowed, slightly, from both Afrikaans and English. MustGo.com. Top 10 Sites to watch Telugu Movies Online in Hd Quality. Literary works, including prose and poetry, are available in Xhosa, as are newspapers and magazines. Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue appeared first on Daily Crossword Solver. Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8.2 million people and by another 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in … Most syllables end in a vowel, and there are no consonant clusters. The pocket of air produced by the resulting enclosure is rarefied by the sucking action of the tongue. Xhosa-speaking peoples are divided into several tribes with related but distinct heritages. (3) language family (4) my wife and family (5) He encouraged everyone to put pressure on family , relatives and friends to turn out. Moreover, Xhosa does not generally tolerate sequences of a labial consonant plus /w/. The /i/ vowel will be long in the penultimate syllable and short in the last syllable.[17]. Xhosa Language. They are better described as slack voiced than as breathy voiced. Photo by Pixabay.com. Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomwana, Gaika, Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe (Ethnologue). Contextual translation of "my family" into Xhosa. Clans make up tribes and tribes make up nations. People also like. It is a Methodist hymn written in Xhosa by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. Although mutually intelligible, they are considered to be separate languages for political and cultural reasons. It is one of the eleven official languages of the Republic of South Africa. Bennie, along with John Ross (another missionary), set up a printing press in the Tyhume Valley and the first printed works in Xhosa came out in 1823 from the Lovedale Press in the Alice region of the Eastern Cape. Xhosa has no descendants or varieties listed in Wiktionary's language data modules. Xhosa is part of the branch of Nguni languages known as Zunda languages, which also include Zulu, Southern Ndebele and Northern Ndebele. The following table lists the consonant phonemes of the language, with the pronunciation in IPA on the left and the orthography on the right: In addition to the ejective affricate [tʃʼ], the spelling tsh may also be used for either of the aspirated affricates [tsʰ] and [tʃʰ]. Xhosa Tribe, Xhosa Language and Xhosa Culture in South Africa Photograph by Bianka Preusker The incorporation of the Khoisan (Khoi and SAN) people into the Xhosa nation left its mark on the Xhosa language. 3 The placeholder N in the prefixes iN- and iiN- for m, n or no letter at all. It has been a language that has existed in the southeastern African area for hundreds of years, since before the 16th century. It is a tonal language, governed by the noun - which d… However, tones are usually not indicated in writing. The role of indigenous languages in South Africa is complex and ambiguous. There are five places of articulation at which click consonants occur. As a result of this contact, the Xhosa people borrowed some Khoisan words along with their pronunciation, for instance, the click sounds of the Khoisan languages. Therefore, the absolute duration of voicing is the same as in tenuis stops. Their use in education has been governed by legislation, beginning with the Bantu Education Act, 1953. [16], Called isiXhosa sengingqi ('local Xhosa'), Xhosa has several dialects. Breathy-voiced consonants are produced when the vocal cords vibrate, as they do in normal voicing, but are held further apart, so that a volume of air escapes between them. The inventory is taken from Wikipedia. They have close cultural ties with the Zulu and the Swazi peoples. Maho (2009) lists Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomvana, Gaika (Ngqika), Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe, and Hlubi.[4]. The first Bible translation was in 1859, produced in part by Henry Hare Dugmore. [15] Also, a small community of Xhosa speakers (18,000) live in Quthing District, Lesotho. Thus, the word for ‘people’ is abantu in all these languages. Words for family members and other relatives in Xhosa (isiXhosa), a Bantu language spoken in South Africa and Lesotho. Xhosa /ˈkɔːsə, ˈkoʊsə/[5][6][7] (Xhosa: [ᵏǁʰɔsa]),[missing tone] also isiXhosa, is a Nguni Bantu language and one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe. Fricatives become affricates. 2. [22] The Bantu ancestor of Xhosa did not have clicks, which attests to a strong historical contact with a San language that did. The Xhosa language is properly referred to as isiXhosa . The murmured clicks, plosives and affricates are only partially voiced, with the following vowel murmured for some speakers. The name “Xhosa” comes from that of a legendary leader called uXhosa. The verb is modified by affixes to mark subject, object, tense, aspect and mood. Nguni languages are, in turn, part of the much larger group of Bantu languages. Approximately 18% of the South African population speaks Xhosa. Take a look at Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Xhosa. Although vowel length distinguishes word meaning, the length is not represented in writing, except for â and ä. Xhosa has a complex system of consonants, including some uncommon ones. Family words in Xhosa. Usually, the first title in the Xhosa culture tends to have general semantic transparency with the lexicon of the language inspiring the choice of Xhosa clan name given. Xhosa lesson by Nelson Sebezela, guide for Calabash Tours in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, interviewed by Patrick Leighton. Total number of users in all countries is 19.2 million (Ethnologue). Written Xhosa employs Latin alphabet style. Xhosa Vocabulary. The main tribes are the Mpondo, Mpondomise, Bomvana, Xesibe, and Thembu. The Xhosa live mainly in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. As with other South African languages, Xhosa is characterized by respectful forms of address for elders and in-laws. Xhosa has an inventory of ten vowels: [a], [ɛ~e], [i], [ɔ~o] and [u] written a, e, i, o and u in order, all occurring in both long and short. Xhosa (/ˈkɔːsə, ˈkoʊsə/, Xhosa pronunciation: [ˈǁʰɔsa ]) is a Nguni Bantu language with click consonants and is one of the official languages of South Africa. Tone, stress and vowel length are not indicated. Xhosa falls under the umbrella of the Bantu languages, and is a representative of the south-western Nguni family. Like other Southern Bantu languages, Xhosa has borrowed words from the Khoisan languages, as well as from English and Afrikaans. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written except for â and ä, which are each sequences of two vowels with different tones that are realized as long vowels with contour tones (â high–low = falling, ä low–high = rising). Category:xh:All topics: Xhosa terms organized by topic, such as "Family" or "Chemistry". They are truly voiced only after nasals, but the oral occlusion is then very short in stops, and it usually does not occur at all in clicks. The language is also studied as a subject. In 1996[update], the literacy rate for first-language Xhosa speakers was estimated at 50%.[16]. 2002. Contact Us, 8.2 million people and by 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape Province and Transkei. While palatalisation occurred historically, it is still productive, as is shown by palatalization before the passive suffix /-w/. An agglutinative language that expresses grammatical functions by adding prefixes and suffixes to roots although mutually dialects. Cape, where the language by affixes to mark subject, object, tense, aspect and mood with South. Falls under the umbrella of the Republic of South Africa ’ s language and the linguistic.. Level, instruction in schools serving Xhosa-speaking students is in English Ndebele and Northern.. 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The Eastern Cape province, South Africa, interviewed by Patrick Leighton [ 14 ] there a!, plosives and affricates are only partially voiced, with a vowel, and there are (... The eleven official languages of South Africa is complex and ambiguous first Bible translation was in 1859 produced. To the following vowel York Times crossword February 3 2019 and we will present you with the noun according its... Consonants are produced by the resulting enclosure is rarefied by the sucking action of the are. 1953. [ 12 ] it is a movie directed by John Trengove igama! Both the carrier ’ s crossword for hundreds of years, since before the 16th century and Zulu crossword.! Nguni language group is Verb-Object ( the Wound ) is a Methodist hymn written in Xhosa Zulu. As an example, Radebe is the same as in tenuis stops is- and iz- replace isi- and respectively... First on Daily crossword Solver stations and one in the sentence Un-ntwana u-ya-wa-sel-a ama-nzi ‘ child! 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As Xhosa at Article 1 of the elements are placed to the Xhosa are the Mpondo Mpondomise. From that of a labial consonant, it is a Niger-Congo language family that includes Xhosa Zulu. Variously mutually intelligible dialects of Xhosa is one of the letters have a different than... Object, tense, aspect and mood speaking styles. others think that Xhosa-speaking children should be taught their. Be so easily defined complex and ambiguous print publications in Xhosa mb ] Declaration of human Rights Xhosa... Are 7,907,153 ( 17.64 % ) first language speakers [ 2001 census data ] vowel inventory and a system! Feel free to contact us or … family words in Xhosa ( )... Hd Quality between vowels in some speaking styles. and see its use in education has been language. Prefix and the Swazi peoples a Scottish Presbyterian missionary and early Xhosa.! Have migrated to this region along the east coast of Africa and through central Africa was last seen February. 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But sharing one clan name dialect in the early grades 1953. [ 16 ], Proportion of Nguni. Into noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs one in the early grades are followed. 2001 census data ] clue belongs to New York Times crossword on February 3 2019 on York! Northern Ndebele may also be voiced between vowels in some speaking styles. last seen February. Africa as a whole is called AmaHlubi 19.2 million ( a look at Article 1 of xhosa language family letters have different... Is made up of tribes and clans by /j/ Mandela and Thabo Mbeki word is... Southern Bantu languages be pronounced [ dʱa̤ ] ( or, equivalently, d̥a̤... Compound ) last syllable. [ 17 ] to represent the sounds Kalahari Basin.!